While, For, and Loop

While, For, and Loop

Move offers three constructs for looping: while, for, and loop.

while loops

The while construct repeats the body (an expression of type unit) until the condition (an expression of type bool) evaluates to false.

Here is an example of simple while loop that computes the sum of the numbers from 1 to n:

fun sum(n: u64): u64 {
    let sum = 0;
    let i = 1;
    while (i <= n) {
        sum = sum + i;
        i = i + 1
    };

    sum
}

Infinite loops are allowed:

fun foo() {
    while (true) { }
}

break

The break expression can be used to exit a loop before the condition evaluates to false. For example, this loop uses break to find the smallest factor of n that's greater than 1:

fun smallest_factor(n: u64): u64 {
    // assuming the input is not 0 or 1
    let i = 2;
    while (i <= n) {
        if (n % i == 0) break;
        i = i + 1
    };

    i
}

The break expression cannot be used outside of a loop.

continue

The continue expression skips the rest of the loop and continues to the next iteration. This loop uses continue to compute the sum of 1, 2, ..., n, except when the number is divisible by 10:

fun sum_intermediate(n: u64): u64 {
    let sum = 0;
    let i = 0;
    while (i < n) {
        i = i + 1;
        if (i % 10 == 0) continue;
        sum = sum + i;
    };

    sum
}

The continue expression cannot be used outside of a loop.

The type of break and continue

break and continue, much like return and abort, can have any type. The following examples illustrate where this flexible typing can be helpful:

fun pop_smallest_while_not_equal(
    v1: vector<u64>,
    v2: vector<u64>,
): vector<u64> {
    let result = vector::empty();
    while (!vector::is_empty(&v1) && !vector::is_empty(&v2)) {
        let u1 = *vector::borrow(&v1, vector::length(&v1) - 1);
        let u2 = *vector::borrow(&v2, vector::length(&v2) - 1);
        let popped =
            if (u1 < u2) vector::pop_back(&mut v1)
            else if (u2 < u1) vector::pop_back(&mut v2)
            else break; // Here, `break` has type `u64`
        vector::push_back(&mut result, popped);
    };

    result
}

fun pick(
    indexes: vector<u64>,
    v1: &vector<address>,
    v2: &vector<address>
): vector<address> {
    let len1 = vector::length(v1);
    let len2 = vector::length(v2);
    let result = vector::empty();
    while (!vector::is_empty(&indexes)) {
        let index = vector::pop_back(&mut indexes);
        let chosen_vector =
            if (index < len1) v1
            else if (index < len2) v2
            else continue; // Here, `continue` has type `&vector<address>`
        vector::push_back(&mut result, *vector::borrow(chosen_vector, index))
    };

    result
}

The for expression

The for expression iterates over a range defined using integer-typed lower_bound (inclusive) and upper_bound (non-inclusive) expressions, executing its loop body for each element of the range. for is designed for scenarios where the number of iterations of a loop is determined by a specific range.

Here is an example of a for loop that computes the sum of the elements in a range from 0 to n-1:

fun sum(n: u64): u64 {
    let sum = 0;
    for (i in 0..n) {
        sum = sum + i;
    };

    sum
}

The loop iterator variable (i in the above example) currently must be a numeric type (inferred from the bounds), and the bounds 0 and n here can be replaced by arbitrary numeric expressions. Each is only evaluated once at the start of the loop. The iterator variable i is assigned the lower_bound (in this case 0) and incremented after each loop iteration; the loop exits when the iterator i reaches or exceeds upper_bound (in this case n).

break and continue in for loops

Similar to while loops, the break expression can be used in for loops to exit prematurely. The continue expression can be used to skip the current iteration and move to the next. Here's an example that demonstrates the use of both break and continue. The loop will iterate through numbers from 0 to n-1, summing up them up. It will skip numbers that are divisible by 3 (using continue) and stop when it encounters a number greater than 10 (using break):

fun sum_conditional(n: u64): u64 {
    let sum = 0;
    for (iter in 0..n) {
        if (iter > 10) {
            break; // Exit the loop if the number is greater than 10
        }
        if (iter % 3 == 0) {
            continue; // Skip the current iteration if the number is divisible by 3
        }

        sum = sum + iter;
    };

    sum
}

The loop expression

The loop expression repeats the loop body (an expression with type ()) until it hits a break

Without a break, the loop will continue forever

fun foo() {
    let i = 0;
    loop { i = i + 1 }
}

Here is an example that uses loop to write the sum function:

fun sum(n: u64): u64 {
    let sum = 0;
    let i = 0;
    loop {
        i = i + 1;
        if (i > n) break;
        sum = sum + i
    };

    sum
}

As you might expect, continue can also be used inside a loop. Here is sum_intermediate from above rewritten using loop instead of while

fun sum_intermediate(n: u64): u64 {
    let sum = 0;
    let i = 0;
    loop {
        i = i + 1;
        if (i % 10 == 0) continue;
        if (i > n) break;
        sum = sum + i
    };

    sum
}

The type of while, loop, and for expression

Move loops are typed expressions. The while and for expression always has type ().

let () = while (i < 10) { i = i + 1 };
let () = for (i in 0..10) {};

If a loop contains a break, the expression has type unit ()

(loop { if (i < 10) i = i + 1 else break }: ());
let () = loop { if (i < 10) i = i + 1 else break };

If loop does not have a break, loop can have any type much like return, abort, break, and continue.

(loop (): u64);
(loop (): address);
(loop (): &vector<vector<u8>>);